Glossary of Energy Terms

A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M   N   O   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z

A

Anaerobic Bacteria

Microorganisms that live and reproduce in an environment containing no "free" or dissolved oxygen. Used for anaerobic digestion. See ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.

Anaerobic Digester

A device for optimizing the anaerobic digestion of biomass and/or animal manure, and possibly to recover biogas for energy production. Digester types include batch, complete mix, continuous flow (horizontal or plug-flow, m ultiple-tank, and vertical tank), and covered lagoon.

Anaerobic Digestion

The complex process by which organic matter is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. The decomposition process produces a gaseous byproduct often called "biogas" or "digester gas". See BIOGAS and DIGESTER GAS.

B

Base Load

The lowest level of power production needs during a season or year.

Base Load Unit

A power generating facility that is intended to run constantly at near capacity levels, as much of the time as possible.

Baseline Forecast

A prediction of future energy needs which does not take into account the likely effects of new conservation programs that have not yet been started.

BI-PV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics)

A term for the design and integration of photovoltaics into the building envelope, typically replacing conventional building materials. This integration may be in vertical facades, replacing view glass, spandral glass, or other facade material; into semitransparent skylight systems; into roofing systems, replacing traditional roofing materials; into shading "eyebrows" over windows; or other building envelope systems.

Biogas

A combustible gas created by anaerobic decomposition of organic material, composed primarily of methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. See DIGESTER GAS.

Biomass

Energy resources derived from organic matter. These include wood, agricultural waste and other living-cell material that can be burned to produce heat energy. They also include algae, sewage and other organic substances that may be used to make energy through chemical processes.

Biopower

The use of biomass to generate electricity. There are four major types of biopower systems: direct-fired , cofiring , gasification , and small, modular. Direct-fired systems burn bioenergy feedstocks directly to produce steam, which is usually captured by a turbine and converted into electricity by a generator. Cofiring involves using bioenergy feedstocks as a supplementary energy source in high efficiency boilers. Gasification systems use high temperatures and an oxygen-starved environment to convert biomass into a gas (a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane) which fuels a gas turbine that turns an electric generator. A small, modular system is either a direct-fired, cofiring, or gasification system that generates electricity at a capacity of 5 megawatts or less and is designed for use at the small town or consumer level.

Bioreactor

Vessel or tank in which whole cells or cell-free enzymes transform raw materials into biochemical products and/or less undesirable by-products.

Biosolids

The waste material from animal or vegetable sources. Waste contains mainly carbon and hydrogen. See SLUDGE.

British Thermal Unit (Btu)

The standard measure of heat energy. It takes one Btu to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit at sea level. For example, it takes about 2,000 Btus to make a pot of coffee. One Btu is equivalent to 252 calories, 778 foot-pounds, 1055 joules, and 0.293 watt-hours.

Building Integrated Photovoltaics

See BI-PV.

C

California Energy Commission (CEC)

The state agency established by the Warren-Alquist State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Act in 1974 (Public Resources Code, Sections 25000 et seq.) responsible for energy policy. The Energy Commission's five major areas of responsibilities are: (a) Forecasting future statewide energy needs (b) Licensing power plants sufficient to meet those needs (c) Promoting energy conservation and efficiency measures (d) Developing renewable and alternative energy resources, including providing assistance to develop clean transportation fuels (e) Planning for and directing state response to energy emergencies Funding for the Commission's activities comes from the Energy Resources Program Account, Federal Petroleum Violation Escrow Account and other sources.

California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)

A state agency created by constitutional amendment in 1911 to regulate the rates and services of more than 1,500 privately owned utilities and 20,000 transportation companies. The CPUC is an administrative agency that exercises both legislative and judicial powers; its decisions and orders may be appealed only to the California Supreme Court. The major duties of the CPUC are to regulate privately owned utilities, securing adequate service to the public at rates that are just and reasonable both to customers and shareholders of the utilities; including rates, electricity transmission lines and natural gas pipelines. The CPUC also provides electricity and natural gas forecasting, and analysis and planning of energy supply and resources.

Capacity Factor (net)

The ratio of the net energy generated, for the period of time considered, to the energy that could have been generated at continuous full-power operation during the same period.

Capital Cost

The cost of field development and plant construction and the equipment required for the generation of electricity.

Char

Fixed carbon.

Clerestory

A wall with windows that is between two different (roof) levels. The windows are used to provide natural light into a building.

Cofiring

The use of two or more different fuels (e.g. wood and coal) simultaneously in the same combustion chamber of a power plant.

Cogeneration

The sequential use of energy for the production of electrical and useful thermal energy. The sequence can be thermal use followed by power production or the reverse, subject to the following standards: (a) At least 5 percent of the cogeneration project's total annual energy output shall be in the form of useful thermal energy. (b) Where useful thermal energy follows power production, the useful annual power output plus one-half the useful annual thermal energy output equals not less than 42.5 percent of any natural gas and oil energy input.

Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

The sequential or simultaneous generation of two different forms of useful energy -- mechanical and thermal -- from a single primary energy source in a single, integrated system. CHP systems usually consist of a prime mover, a generator, a heat recovery system, and electrical interconnections configured into an integrated whole.

Combustion Turbine

A turbine that generates power from the combustion of a fuel.

Commercial Sector

Business establishments that are not engaged in transportation or in manufacturing or other types of industrial activity (agriculture, mining or construction). Commercial establishments include hotels, motels, restaurants, wholesale businesses, retail stores, laundries, and other service enterprises; religious and nonprofit enterprises; health, social, and educational institutions; and federal, state and local governments. Streetlights, pumps, bridges, and public services are also considered commercial if the establishment operating them is considered commercial.

Competitive Service Provider (CSP)

A seller of competitive energy services and or/other related competitive energy services to a retail customer.

Complete Mix Digester

A type of anaerobic digester that has a mechanical mixing system and where temperature and volume are controlled to maximize the anaerobic digestion process for biological waste treatment, methane production, and odor control. The most common form of anaerobic digester.

Contact Digester

High-rate complete mix or plug flow digester which is operated in the thermophilic or mesophilic range to treat dilute and concentrated waste in a contact reactor. See CONTACT REACTOR.

Contact Reactor

A high rate process that retains bacterial biomass by separating and concentrating the solids in a separate reactor and returning the solids to the influent. More of the degradable waste can be converted to gas since a substantial portion of the bacterial mass is conserved.

Covered Lagoon

Anaerobic digester which consists of a storage lagoon with an impermeable cover which traps gas produced during the decomposition of waste. The contents of a covered lagoon are neighter mixed nor heated. See ANAEROBIC DIGESTER and LAGOON.

D

Daylighting

The use of direct, diffuse, or reflected sunlight to provide supplemental lighting for building interiors.

Dewater

To drain or remove water from an enclosure. A structure may be dewatered so that it can be inspected or repaired. Dewater also means draining or removing water from sludge to increase the solids concentration.

Digester Gas

The gas containing methane produced from anaerobic digestion of animal or other organic wastes. See ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.

Direct Solar Gain

Solar energy collected from the sun (as heat) in a building through windows, walls, skylights, etc.

Discount Rate

The interest rate used in discounting future cash flows.

Distributed Generation

A distributed generation system involves small amounts of generation located on a utility's distribution system for the purpose of meeting local (substation level) peak loads and/or displacing the need to build additional (or upgrade) local distribution lines.

Distribution System (Electric utility)

The substations, transformers and lines that convey electricity from high-power transmission lines to ultimate consumers. See GRID.

E

Effluent

The discharge of a pollutant in a liquid form, often from a pipe into a stream or river.

Electric Utility

Any person or state agency with a monopoly franchise (including any municipality), which sells electric energy to end-use customers.

Emission

The release or discharge of a substance into the environment; generally refers to the release of gases or particulates into the air.

End-Use Sectors

The residential, commercial, transportation and industrial sectors of the economy.

Energy Consumption

The amount of energy consumed in the form in which it is acquired by the user. The term excludes electrical generation and distribution losses.

ESP

Electric Service Provider.

F

Fenestration

In simplest terms, windows or glass doors. Technically, fenestration is described as any transparent or translucent material plus any sash, frame, mullion or divider. This includes windows, sliding glass doors, French doors, skylights, curtain walls and garden windows.

Fuel Oil

Petroleum products that are burned to produce heat or power.

G

Gasification

The process in which a solid fuel is converted into a gas; also known as pyrolitic distillation or pyrolysis.

Generation

Of the three components involved in making energy available for the end user, the state in which energy is produced.

Generator

A device for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy.

Greenhouse Gas

A gas, such as carbon dioxide or methane, which contributes to potential climate change.

Grid

The electric utility companies' transmission and distribution system that links power plants to customers through high power transmission line service (110 kilovolt [kv] to 765 kv); high voltage primary service for industrial applications and street rail and bus systems (23 kv-138 kv); medium voltage primary service for commercial and industrial applications (4 kv to 35 kv); and secondary service for commercial and residential customers (120 v to 480 v). Grid can also refer to the layout of a gas distribution system of a city or town in which pipes are laid in both directions in the streets and connected at intersections.

Groundwater

Water occurring in the subsurface zone where all spaces are filled with water under pressure greater than that of the atmosphere.

H

Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S)

A toxic, colorless gas that has an offensive odor of rotten eggs and is soluble in water and alcohol; freezes at –85.5ºC and boils at –60.7ºC. Hydrogen sulfide is a dangerous fire and explosion hazard, and a strong irritant. It is used as a reagent and as a source of hydrogen and sulfur.

Hydrolysis

A chemical decomposition process that uses water to split chemical bonds of substances.

I

Independent System Operator (ISO)

A neutral operator responsible for maintaining instantaneous balance of the grid system. The ISO performs its function by controlling the dispatch of flexible plants to ensure that loads match resources available to the system.

Industrial Sector

Manufacturing industries, which make up the largest part of the sector, along with mining, construction, agriculture, forestries and fishing. Establishments in this sector range from steel mills to small farms, to companies assembling electronic components.

Installed Capacity

The total capacity of electrical generation devices in a power station or system.

Investor-Owned Utility (IOU)

A private company that provides a utility, such as water, natural gas or electricity, to a specific service area. Investor-owned utilities are regulated by the California Public Utilities Commission. In California, the investor owned utilities supplying energy are: a) Canadian Pacific National Corporation b) Pacific Gas and Electric Company c) Pacific Power and Light Company d) San Diego Gas & Electric e) Sierra Pacific Power Company f) Southern California Edison Company g) Southern California Gas Company (The Gas Company) h) Southwest Gas Corporation

J

K

Kilowatt-hour (kWh)

The most commonly-used unit of measure telling the amount of electricity consumed over time. It means one kilowatt of electricity supplied for one hour.

L

Lagoon

In wastewater treatment or livestock facilities, a shallow pond used to store wastewater where sunlight and biological activity decompose the waste.

Landfill

A landfill is an engineered area where waste is placed into the land. Landfills usually have liner systems and other safeguards to prevent groundwater contamination.

Landfill Gas (LFG)

Gas generated by the natural degrading and decomposition of municipal solid waste by anaerobic microorganisms in sanitary landfills. LFG is comprised of 50 to 60% methane, 40 to 50% carbon dioxide, and less than one percent hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other trace gases. The gases produced can be collected by a series of low-level pressure wells and can be processed into a medium Btu gas that can be burned to generate steam or electricity.

Leachate

Liquids that have percolated through a soil and that carry substances in solution or suspension.

Local Distribution Company (LDC)

The utility that owns or controls the distribution lines and other equipment necessary to deliver electricity to the customer.

M

Mass Burn Facility

A type of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration facility in which MSW is burned with only minor presorting to remove oversize, hazardous, or explosive materials. Mass burn facilities can be large, with capacities of 3000 tons (2.7 million kg) of MSW per day or more. They can be scaled down to handle the waste from smaller communities, and modular plants with capacities as low as 25 tons (22.7 thousand kg) per day have been built. Mass burn technologies represent over 75% of all the MSW-to-energy facilities constructed in the United States to date. The major components of a mass burn facility include refuse receiving and handling, combustion and steam generation, flue gas cleaning, power generation (optional), condenser cooling water, residue ash hauling and landfilling.

Methane (CH₄)

A flammable, explosive, colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol and ether; boils at –161.6ºC and freezes at –182.5ºC. It is formed in marshes and swamps from decaying organic matter, and is a major explosion hazard underground. Methane is a major constituent (up to 97%) of natural gas, and is used as a source of petrochemicals and as a fuel.

Microturbine

Small combustion turbine with an output of 25 to 500 kW. Microturbines are composed of a compressor, combustor, turbine, alternator, recuperator, and generator. Relative to other technologies for small-scale power generation, microturbines offer a number of advantages, including: a small number of moving parts, compact size, light weight, greater efficiency, lower emissions, lower electricity costs, potential for low cost mass production, and opportunities to utilize waste fuels.

Mini-Grid

An integrated local generation, transmission and distribution system serving numerous customers.

Municipal Landfill

Piece of land where household waste and/or treated domestic sewage biosolids are disposed.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

As defined in the Energy Security Act (P.L. 96-294; 1980) as "any organic matter, including sewage, sewage sludge, and industrial or commercial waste, and mixtures of such matter and inorganic refuse from any publicly or privately operated municipal waste collection or similar disposal system, or from similar waste flows (other than such flows which constitute agricultural wastes or residues, or wood wastes or residues from wood harvesting activities or production of forest products)."

N

Net Generation

Gross generation minus the energy consumed at the generating station for its use.

NOx

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are a family of reactive gaseous compounds that contribute to air pollution in both urban and rural environments. NOx emissions are produced during the combustion of fuels at high temperatures. The primary sources of atmospheric NOx include highway sources (such as light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles), nonroad sources (such as construction and agricultural equipment, and locomotives) and stationary sources (such as power plants and industrial boilers). NOx can irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia, and lower resistance to respiratory infections. Nitrogen oxides are an important precursor both to ozone and acid rain, and may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

NPV (Net Present Value)

The present value of an investment's future net cash flows minus the initial investment. Generally, if the NPV of an investment is positive, the investment should be made (unless an even better investment exists), otherwise it should not. See PRESENT VALUE.

O

Operating Pressure

Pressure of the gas system or digester during normal operation.

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Cost

Operating expenses are associated with operating a facility (i.e., supervising and engineering expenses). Maintenance expenses are that portion of expenses consisting of labor, materials, and other direct and indirect expenses incurred for preserving the operating efficiency or physical condition of utility plants that are used for power production, transmission, and distribution of energy.

P

pH

An expression of the intensity of the alkaline or acidic strength of water. Values range from 0-14, where 0 is the most acidic, 14 is the most alkaline, and 7 is neutral.

Phased Digester

Digester used to convert municipal sludge to gas. Phased digesters are classified into acid phased digesters and temperature phased digesters.

Photovoltaic (PV) Cells

Cells composed of semiconducting materials that convert sunlight directly into electricity. When sunlight is absorbed by these materials, the solar energy knocks electrons loose from their atoms, allowing the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity through a process known as the photovoltaic effect. PV cells are typically combined into modules that hold about 40 cells; about 10 of these modules are mounted in PV arrays that can measure up to several meters on a side.

Photovoltaic (PV) Module/Panel

A solar photovoltaic product that generally consists of groups of PV cells electrically connected together to produce a specified power output under standard test conditions, mounted on a substrate, sealed with an encapsulant, and covered with a protective glazing. Maybe further mounted on an aluminum frame. A junction box, on the back or underside of the module is used to allow for connecting the module circuit conductors to external conductors.

Plant

A facility containing prime movers, electric generators, and other equipment for producing electric energy.

Plug Flow Digester

A type of anaerobic digester that has a horizontal tank in which a constant volume of material is added and forces material in the tank to move through the tank and be digested. The simplest and least expensive form of anaerobic digestion. The plug flow digester can be a horizontal or vertical reactor. Applications are limited to concentrated dairy manure containing a minor amount of sand or silt. If stratification occurs due to dilute waste or excess sand, significant operating costs are incurred.

Pyrolysis

The transformation on a compound or material into one or more substances by heat alone (without oxidation); often called destructive distillation. Pyrolysis of biomass is the thermal degradation of the material in the absence of reacting gases, and occurs prior to or simultaneously with gasification reactions in a gasifier. Pyrolysis products consist of gases, liquids, and char generally. The liquid fraction of pyrolisized biomass consists of an insoluble viscous tar, and pyroligneous acids (acetic acid, methanol, acetone, esters, aldehydes, and furfural). The distribution of pyrolysis products varies depending on the feedstock composition, heating rate, temperature, and pressure.

Present Value

The current value of one or more future cash payments, discounted at some appropriate interest rate.

Q

R

Rankine Cycle

The steam-Rankine cycle employing steam turbines has been the mainstay of utility thermal electric power generation for many years. The cycle, as developed over the years uses superheat, reheat and regeneration. Modern steam Rankine systems operate at a cycle top temperature of about 1,073 degrees Celsius with efficiencies of about 40 percent.

Rate of Return

The annual return on an investment, expressed as a percentage of the total amount invested.

RD&D

Research, development and demonstration.

RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel)

The fuel component of municipal solid waste (MSW), which is the by-product of shredding MSW to a uniform size, screening out oversized materials and isolating ferrous material in magnetic separation. The resulting RDF can be burned as a fuel source.

Reclamation

In recycling, reclamation is the restoration of materials found in the waste stream to a beneficial use which may be for purposes other than the original use.

Renewables Program Advisory Committee (RPAC)

The Pier Commonwealth/Biogas PV Mini-Grid Renewable Resources RD&D program advisory committee, composed of 8-12 professionals with both program development and implementation experience and technical expertise relating to the technologies addressed by the Program. The purpose of the RPAC is to:

• Provide strategic guidance to the Program Management Team (consisting of the Program Director, the Leads of each project, and the Commission Contract Manager).
• Review current and future deliverables to evaluate functionality of the deliverables.
• Provide specific suggestions/recommendations for needed adjustments, refinements, or enhancement of the deliverables.
• Provide guidance in research direction. The guidance should include, but not be limited to, scope of research; research methodologies; timing; coordination with other research, etc. The guidance may be based on:
  • technical area expertise,
  • knowledge of market applications, and/or
  • linkages between the programmatic contract work and other past, present or future research (both public and private sector) they are aware of in a particular area.
• Evaluate tangible benefits to California and provide recommendations, as needed, to enhance tangible benefits.
• Provide recommendations regarding information dissemination, market pathways or commercialization strategies relevant to the research products.

Renewable Resources

Naturally replenishable, but flow-limited energy resources. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time. Some (such as geothermal and biomass) may be stock-limited in that stocks are depleted by use, but on a time scale of decades, or perhaps centuries, they can probably be replenished. Renewable energy resources include: biomass, hydro, geothermal, solar and wind. In the future they could also include the use of ocean thermal, wave, and tidal action technologies. Utility renewable resource applications include bulk electricity generation, on-site electricity generation, distributed electricity generation, non-grid-connected generation, and demand-reduction (energy efficiency) technologies.

RPAC

See RENEWABLES PROGRAM ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

S

Sanitary Landfill

A landfill permitted to accept household and commercial waste (solid and liquid non-hazardous waste.

Self-Generation

A generation facility dedicated to serving a particular retail customer, usually located on the customer's premises. The facility may either be owned directly by the retail customer or owned by a third party with a contractual arrangement to provide electricity to meet some or all of the customer's load.

Sequencing Batch Reactor

Contact digester which utilizes the same tank for waste digestion as well as separation of biomass from effluent liquor. Generally, two or more tanks are used and operated in a fill and draw mode. Since separation is accomplished by gravity, a more dilute waste is treated by a sequencing batch reactor. See CONTACT DIGESTER.

Service Area

The territory a utility system is required or has the right to supply electric service to ultimate customers.

Siloxane

Any of a class of organic or inorganic chemical compounds of silicon, oxygen, and usually carbon and hydrogen, based on the structural unit R₂SiO, where R is an alkyl group, usually methyl.

Sludge

Biosolids separated from liquids during processing. May contain up to 97% water by volume. See BIOSOLIDS.

Solar Cell

A photovoltaic cell that can convert light directly into electricity. A typical solar cell uses semiconductors made from silicon. See PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS.

Stirling Engine

An external combustion engine that converts heat into useable mechanical energy (shaftwork) by the heating (expanding) and cooling (contracting) of a captive gas such as helium or hydrogen.

Substation

A facility used for switching and/or changing or regulating the voltage of electricity. Service equipment, line transformer installations, or minor distribution or transmission equipment are not classified as substations.

Sunspace

A passive solar heating feature whereby a glass panel is built on the south side of a building. As sunlight passes through glass or other glazing, it warms the sunspace. Proper ventilation allows the heat to circulate into the building.

T

Technical Advisory Committee (TAC)

Each TAC in the Pier Commonwealth/Biogas PV Mini-Grid Renewable Resources RD&D program will provide project specific guidance and recommendations and will be composed of individuals with specific technical expertise associated with the project the TACs were created to support.

Thermal Mass

A material used to store heat, thereby slowing the temperature variation within a space. Typical thermal mass materials include concrete, brick, masonry, tile and mortar, water, and rock or other materials with high heat capacity.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

The total amount in milligrams of solid material dissolved in one liter of water (mg/l).

Transmission

Movement of bulk energy sources (electricity) from the generation facility (power plant) to a distribution facility.

Transmission and Distribution (T&D) System

An interconnected group of electric transmission lines and associated equipment for the movement or transfer or electric energy in bulk between points of supply and points at which it is transformed for delivery to the ultimate customers.

Transmission Lines

Lines which transmit high-voltage electricity from the transformer to the electric distribution system.

Transportation Sector

Private and public vehicles that move people and commodities. Included are automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, railroads, and railways (including streetcars), aircraft, ships, barges, and natural gas pipelines.

Trombe Wall

A very thick, south-facing wall, which is painted black and made of a material that absorbs a lot of heat. A pane of glass or plastic glazing, installed a few inches in front of the wall, helps hold in the heat. The wall heats up slowly during the day. Then as it cools gradually during the night, it gives off its heat inside the building.

Turbine

A device for converting the flow of a fluid (air, steam, water, or hot gases) into mechanical motion.

U

Utility Distribution Companies (UDCs)

The entities which will continue to provide regulated services for the distribution of electricity to customers and serve customers who do not choose direct access. Regardless of where a consumer chooses to purchase power, the customer's current utility, also known as the utility distribution company (UDC) will deliver the power to consumer's home, business or farm. The local utility, or UDC, will also be responsible for the reliability and maintenance of the power lines and poles that connect your home or business to the statewide transmission grid. In the event of a power outage, consumers will contact their local utility (UDC).

V

Volatile Solids

Those solids in water or other liquids that are lost on ignition of the dry solids at 550 degrees centigrade.

Volt

A unit of electrical pressure. It measures the force or push of electricity. Volts represent pressure, correspondent to the pressure of water in a pipe. A volt is the unit of electromotive force or electric pressure analogous to water pressure in pounds per square inch. It is the electromotive force which, if steadily applied to a circuit having a resistance of one ohm, will produce a current one ampere.

W

Waste Gas Burner

A device that safely combusts biogas.

Watt (W)

A standard unit of measure (SI System) for the rate at which energy is consumed by equipment or the rate at which energy moves from one location to another. It is also the standard unit of measure for electrical power. The term 'kW' stands for "kilowatt" or 1,000 watts. The term 'MW' stands for "Megawatt" or 1,000,000 watts.

Watt-Hour (Wh)

A standard unit of measure (SI system) for the amount of energy that is consumed by equipment, the amount of embodied energy, or the amount of energy moved from one location to another. It is also the standard unit of measure for electrical use. The term 'kWh' stands for "kilowatt-hour" or 1,000 watt-hours. The term 'MWh' stands for "Megawatt-hours" or 1,000,000 watt-hours. One watt-hour is equal to 3.413 Btu.

Working Fluid

A fluid used to absorb and transfer heat energy.

X

Y

Z

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